初中英語語法八大時態(tài)

初中英語語法八大時態(tài)

一，一般現(xiàn)在時

1.結(jié)構(gòu)

肯定句式:主語+動詞原形/動詞的第三人稱單數(shù)+其他

否定句式:主語+(助動詞)don't/doesn't +動詞原形+其他一般疑問句式:Do/Does+主語+動詞原形+其他

簡略回答:(肯)Yes,主語+do/does (否)No,主語+do/does not

縮寫形式:don't = do not doesn't = does not

例句:He often goes swimming in summer.

I usually leave home for school at 7 every morning.

2.用法

1)表示經(jīng)常的、習(xí)慣性的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與表示頻度的副詞連用。

常用的頻度副詞有:always、often、usually、seldom、never、sometimes, every week (day, year, month... ), once a week, on Sundays.頻度副詞在句中通常放在行為動詞之前，系動詞、助動詞之后。例如: He often goes swimming in summer.

I usually leave home for school at 7 every morning.2)表示主語具備的性格、特征和能力等。例如:All my family love football

My sister is always ready to help others .

Ann writes good English but does not speak well.3)表示客觀真理、客觀存在、自然現(xiàn)象。例如:The earth moves around the sun.

Shanghai lies in the east of China

4)表示按計劃或安排好的，或?qū)⒁l(fā)生的動作，可用一般現(xiàn)在時表將來。但只限于start,begin,leave,go,come,arrive,return,take place等。例如:The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.

He comes back tonight.

5)在復(fù)合句中，當(dāng)主句是一般將來時，時間或條件狀語從句的謂語動詞只能用一般現(xiàn)在時來表示將來要發(fā)生的動作。

例如:I'll tell him the news when he comes back.

If you take the job , they will talk with you in greater details.

二、一般過去時態(tài)

1.結(jié)構(gòu)

肯定句式:主語+動詞過去式+其他

否定句式:主語+(助動詞)didn't+動詞原形+其他一般疑問句式:Did+主語+動詞原形+其他

簡略回答:(肯)Yes,主語+did (否)No,主語+did not

Be動詞 was/were+not was/were提前，放于句首

行為動詞 didn't+do(動詞原形) Did+主語+do(動詞原形)

2.用法

1)表示過去某一時刻或某一段時間里所發(fā)生的動作或情況。常和表示過去的時間狀語yesterday, just now, the other day, in 1982, ago, an hour ago, long long ago, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month...), at the age of 5, one day, once upon a time等連用例如:Where did you go just now?

After a few years, she started to play the piano.

2)表示在過去，經(jīng)常或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作。常與often,always等表示頻度的副詞連用。例如:When I was a child, I often played football in the street.

我是個孩子的時候，常在馬路上踢足球。

3)一般過去式也可與today,this week,this month,this year等表現(xiàn)在的時間狀語連用，但這些時間狀語須指過去的時間，決不包含“現(xiàn)在”“此時此刻”的意思。例如:Did you see him today?今天你看見他了嗎??

三、一般將來時

1.結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)1:

肯定句式:主語+助動詞will+動詞原形+其他

否定句式:主語+助動詞will+動詞原形+not+其他一般疑問句式:助動詞Will+主語+動詞原形+其他

簡單回答:在口語中，will在名詞或代詞后?？s為'll，wii not常簡縮為won't。

在疑問句中，主語為**人稱時(I和we)時，常用助動詞shall。例如:She'll go to play basketball.

Shall we go to the zoo?

結(jié)構(gòu)2:

肯定句式:主語+be going to+動詞原形+其他否定句式:主語+be not going to +動詞原形+其他一般疑問句式:Be+主語+going to+動詞原形+其他

簡略回答:(肯)Yes,主語+be (否)No,主語+be not

2.用法

1)表示將來某個時間要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài),常與tomorrow, next day(week, month, year...), soon, in a few minutes, by..., the day after tomorrow等連用。例如:I'll meet you at the school gate tomorrow morning.

2)、表示說話人對于將來的看法、假設(shè)和推測,通常用于be afraid, be/feel sure, hope, know, think等后面的從句或與副詞perhaps,possibly,maybe等連用。例如:I think she'll go back home for supper.

Maybe she'll go to the gym.

將來時其他表示法

1)be going to表示將來

表示說話人的打算、計劃、安排或根據(jù)跡象判斷必然或很可能發(fā)生的事情。例如:What are you going to do tomorrow?

The play is going to be produced next month。

注意:be going to 和 will 之間的區(qū)別。

在時間上:be going to 通常表示馬上要發(fā)生或相當(dāng)快就要發(fā)生的事情;而will 不指明任何具體時間，可以指遙遠的未來。 He is going to be better. He will be better.

計劃/臨時:兩者都表示意圖時，be going to含有預(yù)先計劃、準(zhǔn)備的意思;will則指未經(jīng)過預(yù)先思考或計劃，是臨時的一種決定。

- What are you going to do next Sunday? - I'm going to go fishing.

- Where is the telephone book? - I'll go and get it for you.

兩者都用于預(yù)測時，be going to意指有跡象表明某件事將要發(fā)生，屬客觀的推測:will則意指說話人認(rèn)為/相信某件事將要發(fā)生，屬主觀的推測。在條件狀語從句中，be going to表將來,will表意愿。

例如:If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.

Miss Gao will tell you the answer if you ask her.

2)“be to+動詞原形”表示客觀安排或受人指示而將要做某事。例如:We are to discuss the report next Saturday.

3) be about to +動詞原形，意為馬上做某事。不能與tomorrow, next week等表示明確將來時的時間狀語連用，多于when引導(dǎo)的時間狀語連用。例如:He is about to leave for Beijing.?

四?，F(xiàn)在進行時

1.結(jié)構(gòu):

am/is/are+動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞

2.用法:

1)表示現(xiàn)在(指說話人說話時)正在發(fā)生或進行的動作。常與now, right now, at this moment, at this time, these days等時間狀語連用。注:如果句首有警示性動詞look、listen等，主句的動詞也與現(xiàn)在進行時連用。

例如:We are waiting for you now.

Listen! The bird is singing in the tree.

2).表示現(xiàn)階段(說話前后一段時間內(nèi))，一直在進行的活動。說話時動作未必正在進行。

例如:Mr.Green is writing another novel.他在寫另一部小說。(說話時并未在寫，只處于寫作的狀態(tài)。)

He is thinking about this problem.這些天來他一直在考慮這個問題。

3).表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài)，常與always, constantly, forever等詞連用，往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩。

例如:You are always changing your mind.

4).表示尚未完成的漸變過程，這樣的動詞有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如:The leaves are tuming red.

It's getting warmer and warmer.

5)、表示移位的動詞，如go,come,leave,start,arrive等，其現(xiàn)在進行時可表將來。

例如:I'm leaving tomorrow.明天我要走了。

The train is arriving soon.火車要到了。注:不能用進行時態(tài)的動詞

類別 舉例

感官類

See,look,smell,hear,taste,notice,feel

感覺類

Love,agree,like,hate,want,fear,wish,prefer

認(rèn)知類

Believe,think,understand,forget,remember

存在類

Appear,exist,lie,remain

占有、從屬類

Have,own,contain,belong,possess,consist of

短暫動作類

Accept,receive,admit,decide,promise,give,finish ?

五.現(xiàn)在完成時

1.結(jié)構(gòu):

肯定句:主語+助動詞have(has)+動詞過去分詞-ed

否定句:主語+助動詞have(has)+not(haven't,hasn't)+動詞過去分詞-ed一般疑問句:Have(Has)+主語+動詞過去分詞-ed+?

特殊疑問句:疑問詞+have(has)+主語+動詞過去分詞-ed+?

2.用法

含義:現(xiàn)在完成時用來表示現(xiàn)在之前已發(fā)生或完成的動作或狀態(tài)，但其結(jié)果卻和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系,也就是說，動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過去但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在。

1) 現(xiàn)在完成時往往同表示不確定的過去時間狀語連用，如already, yet, just, before, recently, lately等

Mr. Wang has just come back from America.王先生剛從美國回來。 I haven’t seen much of him recently (lately). We have seen that film before.

Have they found the missing child yet?現(xiàn)在完成時中的時間狀語:

★already通常用于肯定句中，意為一已經(jīng)，位于行為動詞之前,be動詞、助動詞之后。有時可放在疑問句句尾，表示驚訝。

例如:We have already cleaned the classroom.

Have you finished it already?

★yet用于疑問句中表示一已經(jīng);用于否定句中，表示還(沒)。例如:一Has he found his watch yet?他還沒找到他的表嗎?

一No, not yet.是,還沒有。

★ever意為曾經(jīng)，常用于疑問句或否定句中，位于助動詞和過去分詞之間，表示從過去到目前為止的時間。

例如:Have you ever been there?你曾經(jīng)去過那里嗎?

Nothing has ever happened here.這里未曾發(fā)生過什么事。

★never意為(曾經(jīng))從未、沒有，是否定副詞，在句中位于助動詞和過去分詞之間。ever與否定詞not連用相當(dāng)于never。例如:

I haven’t ever spoken to her. = I have never spoken to her.我從未跟她講過話。

★just 意為一剛剛，用于現(xiàn)在完成時，表示行為剛剛過去，位于助動詞與過去分詞之間。 e.g. He has just come back from school.他剛從學(xué)?；貋怼?/span>

★just now 意為一剛才,表示過去某時，用于一般過去時，位于句首或句尾均可。 e.g. He came from school just now.他剛才從學(xué)校回來。

★for和since的用法及區(qū)別。for與一段時間連用，since與時間點連用。注意:since后接過去時的時間狀語或過去時的句子。

e.g. I have been to Shanghai twice since 1970.

I haven’t seen her since she left Shanghai.

I saw Ping Ping six years ago. Since I havenever seen her.

★have/has gone to、have/has been to 和 have/has been in的區(qū)別。 have/ has gone to去了,在去某地的路上或在某地，人還未回來

have/ has been to 曾經(jīng)去過,人已經(jīng)回來了

have/ has been in 已經(jīng)在，常與一段時間連用

e.g. She has been to Shanghai before.她以前曾去過上海。

She has been in Shanghai for ten years.她在上海10年了。

Has he gone to Qingdao?他去青島了嗎?但不能說Have you gone to Qingdao?

2)、現(xiàn)在完成時還可用來表示過去發(fā)生的動作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，常帶有for或since等表示一段時間的狀語。

如:MrWang has lived here since 1983.

I haven’t seen much of him recently(lately). We have seen that film before.

Have they found the missing child yet?

3)、現(xiàn)在完成時瞬間動詞即終止性動詞不能與表示一段時間的狀語連用。常見終止性動詞與延續(xù)性動詞(或狀態(tài)動詞)的對應(yīng)關(guān)系如下: come / go / arrive / get / reach / move--- be in/at

open --- be open die --- be dead

close --- be closed become ---be

borrow --- keep put on --- wear

buy --- have leave ----- be away (from)

begin / start ----- be on fall asleep --- be asleep

end/finish ----- be over catch a cold ----- have a cold

join the army ---- be in the army, be a soldier

join the Party---- be in the Party , be a Party member例:吉姆買這支已有兩年了。

Jim bought this pen two years ago. Jim has had this pen for two years.

Jim has had this pen since two years ago. Jim has had this pen since2007

It is two years since Jim bought this pen.

4).在表示“最近幾世紀(jì)/年/月以來.……”時間狀語中，謂語動詞用現(xiàn)在完成時。

in the past few years/months/weeks/days; over the past fewmatch years; during the last three months; for the last few centuries, through centuries; throughout history等match

5).表示“第幾次做某事，”或在“It is the best (worst, most interesting)+名詞十that”后面跟現(xiàn)在完成時。

例:This is my first time that I have visited China

This is the most interesting film I have ever seen. That is the only book that he has written.

6) have / has been to +地點意為“曾去過某地”，暗含目前已不在該地僅表示當(dāng)事人的一種經(jīng)歷而已。

have / has gone to +地點“到了某地去了”，暗含“已離開原地去了某地”之意，但是否到達了某地尚不確定。

如:He has gone to Shanghai.他去了上海。

He has been to Shanghai.他去過了上海。

六、過去完成時

1.結(jié)構(gòu):

助動詞had+動詞過去分詞

2.用法:

1)、表示在過去某一時間或動作以前已完成的行為或存在的狀態(tài)。即發(fā)生的時間是過去的過去。常與“by the end of/by/before+過去時間”構(gòu)成的短語連用。例如:The train had already left before we arrived.

He said that he had learned some English before.

By the end of last term, we had learned five English songs.

2)表示在過去某一動作之前就已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動作;常用when,before,after等引導(dǎo)的從句作為動作發(fā)生時間先后的對比，先發(fā)生的動作用過去完成時，后發(fā)生的動作用一般過去時。 When I got to the railway station, the train had already left.當(dāng)我到達火車站時，火車已經(jīng)開走了

His father had worked in a TV factory for five years before he came here.爸爸來這之前，在一家電視機廠工作了5年。

3)表示過去未曾實現(xiàn)的計劃、愿望等。這種用法中常用的動詞為hope, want,plan,wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等。

例如:We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.那時我們希望你能來，但是你沒有來。

I had thought that all knew about it.我以為他們都知道這件事呢。

七、過去進行時

1.結(jié)構(gòu):

was/were+動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞(--ing)

2.用法:

1)表示過去某一時刻或某一段時間正在進行或發(fā)生的動作。動作發(fā)生的特指時間常用一個短語或時間狀語從句來表明，如:at this time yesterday, at 7:00 yesterday, last night ,from seven to nine ,at that time 以when或while引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句等。

My family were watching TV at that time yesterday. When I arrived,Tom was talking on the phone.

What were you doing at 9:00 o'clock yesterday morning.

注意:(1)以when引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中，從句動作，主句用過去進行時，表示一個動作發(fā)生時，

另一個動作正在進行。

When he called me , I was having dinner.

(2)以while引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中，從句與主句的動作在過去某一時刻同時進行，while常

譯為“當(dāng)……的時候，同時”。

Tom was doing his homework while his sister was watching TV.

2)、表移動的動詞，如come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等詞的過去進行時，可以表示過去將要發(fā)生的動作。

例如:She told me that she was going to Hainan for her holiday.?

八，過去將來時態(tài)

表示過去的某時以后將要發(fā)生的動作。但這個"將來"時間絕不會延伸到一現(xiàn)在;而**于一過去時間區(qū)域內(nèi)。由此可以看出，含這個時態(tài)的句子常帶一個表示一過去某個時間點的狀語。這個狀語或是一個短語，或是一個句子。這個時態(tài)常用于:

1.結(jié)構(gòu)

a)would/should+動詞原形

b)was/were going to+動詞原形

2.用法

1)、表示從過去某時看將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。常用于主句是一般過去時的賓語從句或間接引語中。

例如:He said that he would finish his work before 9 o'clock.

他說他會在九點之前完成工作。

When I thought about it , I wondered what their reaction would be .當(dāng)我考慮這件事時，我想知道他們的反應(yīng)是什么。

2)、表示過去的某種習(xí)慣性動作，只能用would。

例如:Whenever he has been in trouble, we would give him a hand.

每當(dāng)他遇到困難時，我們總會伸出援助之手。

3)表示過去情況中的一愿望、一傾向，多用于否定句。

No matter how difficult the work was , he would keep on doing it until he accomplished it .不管工作有多難，他總會堅持不懈地把它干完。 They knew that we would never permit such a thing.他們知道我們絕不會允許發(fā)生這樣的事。

Even after the lecture ended, the audience would not leave .甚至在講座結(jié)束之后，聽眾仍不肯離去。選擇